PARTS OF SPEECH BOOK

PARTS OF SPEECH

1. NOUN
Name of a person, place, thing or idea. 

Noun followed by a preposition

It is not a lack of love, but a lack of friendship that makes unhappy marriages.

I don't understand this pathetic need for luxuries.
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I don't understand this pathetic need for luxuries.

If there were no immortality there would be no need for temples. There would be no need for eternal marriage if there were no eternity. 

Making films is no longer a way of acting, it is a way of life; Comedy is probably a way of dealing with anxiety. Sometimes it's a way of dealing with pain; Money is a way of creating scarcity (shortage, lack); Islam is a way of living rather than a way of thinking.

Getting even is one reason for writing (revenge); There is no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home; How quick come the reasons for approving what we like!; Liking one person is an extra reason for liking another; No one ever lacks a good reason for suicide.

No one ever lacks a good reason for suicide.
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Money is a way of creating scarcity
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2. PRONOUN
A pronoun is used in place of a noun or noun phrase to avoid repetition.


3. ADJECTIVE 
Describes, modifies or gives more information about a noun or pronoun.

4. VERB 
Shows an action or state of being.

5. ADVERB
Modifies a verb, and adjective or another adverb. It tells how (often), where, when.

Adverbial Infinitive. The Infinitive as adverbial modifier.

The infinitive can be used as an adverbial modifier of: purpose, subsequent events, consequence, attendant circumstances, comparison, condition, exception, time, cause, or motivation. In all these functions but that of the adverbial modifier of exception, a “to”- infinitive is used.

1. The adverbial modifier of purpose. In this function the action denoted by the infinitive is always a hypothetical one following the action denoted by the predicate.

The position of the infinitive used as an adverbial modifier of purpose varies. It usually stands after the predicate, though the position at the beginning of the sentence is also possible:

In both positions the infinitive may be preceded by the conjunction in order, so as or by limiting particle (just, only):

To occupy her mind

I keep a diary in order to enter the wonderful secrets of my life.

2. The adverbial modifier of subsequent events. In this function the infinitive denotes an action that follows the one denoted by the predicate.

He arrived at three o’clock to hear that Fleur had gone out with the car at ten. (He arrived and heard ...)

I came down one morning to find Papa excited to the point of apoplexy. (I came down and found ...)

He hurried to the house only to find it empty. (He hurried and found ...)

In this function the infinitive may be preceded by the particles only, merely, simply, which change the meaning of the whole sentence: the action denoted by the infinitive preceded by these particles makes the action de­noted by the predicate pointless or irrelevant.

She returned to London in a few days, only to learn that Bess had gone to the continent. (She returned ..., and learnt...)

3. As an adverbial modifier of consequence the infinitive depends on a) adjectives and adverbs modified by too; b) adjectives, adverbs and nouns modified by enough; c) adjectives modified by so, and nouns modified by such. In the last two cases the infinitive is introduced by as:

a) Не was too tired to argue. (= He was so tired, that is why he couldn’t argue)

Success usually comes to those who are too busy to be looking for it.

b) He’s old enough to learn this. (= He is old enough, so he can learn this)

I thought I liked Letty well enough to marry her. (=1 liked Letty, so I wanted to marry her)

He was fool enough to enjoy the game.

He had seen enough blasted, burned out tanks to have no illusions.

c) She was so kind as to accept my proposal. (= She was so kind, therefore she accepted my proposal)

Do you think I am such a fool as to let it out of my hands?

In all these cases the infinitive denotes an action, which would become or became possible (enough, so, such) or impossible (too) due to the degree of quality or quantity expressed in the words it refers to.

4. The infinitive used as an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances shows what other actions take place at the same time as the action of the predicate.

He left the house never to come back.

I am sorry to have raised your expectations only to disappoint you.

5. The infinitive used as an adverbial modifier of comparison refers to predicate groups including adjectives or adverbs in the comparative degree. The infinitive itself is introduced by than:

To give is more blessed than to receive.

Soon she realized, that it was much more pleasant to give than to be given.

He knew better than to rely on her.

Although the infinitive of comparison is generally used with to, it may also occur without it:

I was more inclined to see her safely married than go on watching over her. 

 

6. The infinitive used as an adverbial modifier of condition denotes an action which pre-conditions the action expressed by the predicate.

To look at Montmorency you would imagine that he was an angel sent upon earth ... (If you looked ...,

you would imagine ...)

To touch it one would believe that it was the best of furs. (If one touched it, one would believe ...)

I’ll thank you to take your hands off me. (I’ll thank you, if you take ...)

7. The infinitive used as an adverbial modifier of exception denotes the action which is the only possible one in the situation. The infinitive is generally used without "to" and is introduced by the prepositions but and except. It is found in negative and interrogative sentences:

I had nothing to do but wait.

What could I do but submit?

There is nothing to do except turn back.

8. The infinitive used as an adverbial modifier of time denotes an action which marks out the moment of time up to which or at which the action of the predicate is performed. Very often it has a secondary meaning of condition.

His father lived to be ninety. (lived till he was ...)

Go away! I shudder to see you here. (I shudder when I see ..., if I see ...)

9. The infinitive used as an adverbial modifier of cause or motivation refers to a compound nominal predicate with the predicative expressed by an adjective, a noun, or a prepositional phrase denoting someone's qualities (intellectual qualities, morals, etc.)

The infinitive denotes an action which serves as a cause or a motiva­tion on which this or that charaterisation is based.

What an idiot I was not to have thought of it before! (I had not thought of it before, therefore I can justly be called an idiot.)

She was silly to come here. (She came here, and it was silly of her.)

They’re out of their mind to have sent you here! (They have sent you here, so one can think them out of their minds.)

The infinitive in this function follows the predicate. All the forms of the infinitive are possible.

6. PREPOSITION 
Shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word.

Compound prepositions

I do not write often now; not for want of something to say, but from a loathing of all I see and hear. Why dwell upon it? inf. (1.literary (live), 2. think too much about it).

Few things are impracticable in themselves; and it is for want of application, rather than of means, that men fail to succeed.

Genius, like humanity, rusts for want of use. (exceptional intellect).

It sounds so dramatic, but I'll say it: Hollywood just doesn't know what to do with me. And it's not for lack of trying. (due to not having sth)

Whatever you think of Facebook, you cannot fault it for lack of ambition. (criticize).

My faith falters at times. But I have a very, very strong faith in work ethic, for lack of a better way of putting it.

I worry about the direction of the U.K. and U.K. politics in the event of a Brexit.

I was always at peace because of the way my mom treated me.

We waste a lot of time arguing instead of agreeing.

As for me, all I know is that I know nothing; As for discipline and rules, I confess, I've never been good with either; As for relationships, I know nothing. I'm an idiot; I can't get it right.

Genius, like humanity, rusts for want of use.
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According to
apart from
in accordance with
with regard to (as for; as to)
due to
because of
causes of
result of


7. CONJUNCTION
Joins two words, ideas, phrases together and shows how they are connected.

What do Conjunctions Look Like? Conjunctions have three basic formats:

1. single word; for example: and, but, because, although
2. compound (often ending with as or that); for example: provided that, as long as, in order that
3. correlative (surrounding an adverb or adjective); for example: so...that

I was hot and tired, but still finished it

COMPOUND CONJUNCTIONS 

The phrases which are used as conjunctions are called compound conjunctions. Examples are: as if, as though, so that, provided that, as well as, as soon as, as long as, such that, in order that etc.

So that and in order that have similar meanings. So that is more common in an informal style.

As if and as though have similar meanings. 

He talks as if he is mad. (Perhaps he is mad.)
He talks as if he were/was mad. (He isn’t mad.)

* Note that a past tense after as if/though indicates that a comparison is unreal.

We are afraid to care too much, for fear that the other person does not care at all.
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We are afraid to care too much, for fear that the other person does not care at all

We do not write in order to be understood; we write in order to understand; Read in order to live; Do we have to talk in order to agree or agree in order to talk?

We read in order to know we are not alone, I once heard, and perhaps it could also be suggested that we write in order not to be alone; We have art in order not to die of the truth.

When it comes to politics, I sit down on a sofa and grab some chocolate, or sometimes I crouch down in order not to get shot.

EMPHATIC CONJUNCTIONS
and yet, but nevertheless ... 

Sorrow is so easy to express and yet so hard to tell; Is not this whole world an illusion? And yet it fools everybody; Nothing puzzles me more than the time and space; and yet nothing troubles me less.

Nothing puzzles me more than the time and space; and yet nothing troubles me less.
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8. INTERJECTION
A word or phrase that expresses a strong emotion. It is a short exclamation like Oh!, Um, Ouch, Hey!, Ah! They have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often, usually more in speaking than in writing. When interjections are inserted into a sentence, they have no grammatical connection to the sentence.